Which items should be included in a budget or financial plan?

• A. Salaries and Benefits
• B. Buildings, Equipment, and Furniture
• C. Rent, Mortgage, and Utilities
• D. Personnel, Capital Items, Overhead, Billable and Non-Billable Supplies, and Office Supplies

Answer: (D)

Budgeting aims to forecast all costs needed to operate and deliver services. The most complete budget includes personnel costs (salaries and benefits), capital items (buildings, equipment, and furniture), overhead (indirect expenses that support operations), and the supplies used to deliver services (both billable and non-billable) plus office supplies. This comprehensive set ensures you plan for staffing, investments, ongoing operating expenses, and the materials needed for work, and it helps distinguish costs that can be billed to clients from internal costs. The other options cover only parts of the picture—one focuses only on personnel, another on capital items, and another on rent and utilities—so they don’t provide the full view a budget needs.